Bias number 18 is known as the Berkson’s paradox. This paradox is most often found in decision making when assessing probability and statistical information that proves to be counterintuitive. When this happens, a negative correlation is made between two positive traits, even when the positive traits are unrelated and to the exclusion of cases where there is no correlation between the two traits.

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Bias number 17 is known as the Ben Franklin effect. This is a social cognitive bias that affects how people relate to others.

In essence, the Ben Franklin effect suggests that when asked to do something for another person, you are more likely to feel kindly towards that person. Conversely, you are more likely to feel neutral or negative towards a person to whom you have behaved badly. 

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Bias number 16 is known as the belief bias. This is a cognitive bias that affects the way people reason and is an extremely common bias. Because of this, it is an important one to consider.

The way it works in reasoning is this. When confronted with opposing beliefs, people will align with the one that most closely resembles their own values system, beliefs and prior knowledge and will reject other belief systems as being false as a result.

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Bias number 15 is known as the base rate fallacy. This is a cognitive bias that affects the way people integrate information.

Here’s how it works. When people are presented with general information, or base rate information, and specific information, as in information related to a particular situation, they tend to favour the specific information and ignore the base rate information. The optimal way to consider the pieces of information would be to integrate the two.

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Bias number 14 is known as the bandwagon effect. This is a social cognitive bias that affects people’s short-term decision-making and resulting actions.

It is what is says on the tin. In essence, people jump on a bandwagon of a trend as more and more people support it. Whether we’re talking about a fashion statement or a social movement, people adopt a trend to conform. As the trend increases in popularity, so too does the size of the bandwagon.

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Bias number 13 is known as the backfire effect. This is a cognitive bias that affects the core belief systems of people.

In short, the backfire effect operates when a person strengthens his or her beliefs in spite of facts that present an opposing reality.

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Bias number 12 is known as the availability heuristic, also known as the availability bias. This is a cognitive bias that governs how people evaluate information by drawing on the immediate recall of examples to make assessments of situations, topics or decisions.

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Bias number 11 is known as the availability cascade. This is a social cognitive bias that explains the cycle of beliefs to which people subscribe, regardless of the legitimacy of the idea or the presence of facts.

This bias is particularly present in social circles in which people seek to gain social acceptance from others.

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​Bias number 10 is known as the automation bias. This bias, sitting in the category of social psychology, demonstrates how humans have an unreliable relationship with answers provided by automated decision-making systems, even if contradictory evidence derived without automation is proven to be correct.

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Bias number nine is known as the authority bias. This bias belongs in the category of social cognitive biases.

This bias does what it says on the tin. It’s the bias that many humans have towards an authority figure. We believe that a person or organisation must merit its position of authority, and as a result, we tend to comply with requests made of us by these figures.
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